纤维与石英砂过滤技术的比较研究

提出了无需额外反冲洗装置与动力消耗的水力自清洗纤维过滤技术,与石英砂过滤进行了比较研究,探索该技术应用的可行性。结果表明,10 m/h滤速下纤维过滤与石英砂过滤相比,出水浊度、SS分别降低59%和86%,COD、TOC、TP和TN降低5%～20%,水头损失大幅降低,两者初始水头损失分别为0.12 kPa和3.97 kPa,5 h后分别达到1.58kPa和5.98 kPa。纤维滤柱反冲洗历时40 s,而石英砂滤柱为15 min,反洗耗水率分别为2.9%和6.9%。反洗后纤维滤柱出水浊度和SS分别为4.08 NTU、6 mg/L,低于石英砂滤柱的5.81 NTU、28 mg/L。水力自清洗纤维过滤技术可节省动力装置和动力消耗,反冲洗历时短、耗水率低,具有较好的应用前景。     

石榴石滤料的过滤性能及反冲洗试验研究

石榴石作为一种新型矿物滤料在净水处理方面具有强大的竞争力和广阔的应用前景.通过对石榴石滤料进行过滤及反冲洗试验,研究其截污除浊性能、水头损失变化规律及对有机物的去除效果,并与传统的石英砂滤料做对比,同时探讨了石榴石滤料的适宜反冲洗强度范围及气水反冲洗运行参数.结果表明:在滤速为8 m/h的条件下,与石英砂滤柱的过滤效果相比,石榴石滤柱滤后水的平均浊度下降0.3 NTU,有机物平均质量分数下降5%,但其平均水头损失增长率为1 cm/h;在截污除浊及去除有机物方面,石榴石滤柱在60 cm滤层厚度处与石英砂滤柱在85 cm滤层厚度的去除效果十分接近,因此其能有效减少滤料体积,从而节省滤料及节约设备投资.在不同滤速下,水头损失是限制石榴石滤柱过滤周期的主要因素;石榴石滤料适宜的气反冲洗强度范围为14~16 L/（s·m2）,水反冲洗强度范围为5~7 L/（s·m2）,其气水反冲洗的最佳运行参数为气洗强度16 L/（s·m2）、水洗强度7 L/（s·m2）、气水联合反冲洗4 min、单独水漂洗7 min.其中,气反冲洗强度对石榴石滤料的反冲洗效果影响最大.研究显示,相较于传统石英砂滤料,石榴石滤料具有高过滤性能、低滤料体积的特点,在水处理滤料的应用方面显示出一定的优势.      

给水厂废弃铁铝泥对镉的吸附特征及影响因素

通过批量实验探讨了给水厂废弃铁铝泥(Ferric and Alum Water Treatment Residuals,FARs)对Cd2+的吸附特征及影响因素.实验结果表明,在最初的6 h内,FARs对Cd2+的吸附量已经达到其平衡吸附量的90%,吸附较符合伪二级动力学模型(R2=0.99),并且Langmuir(R2=0.99)和Freundlich(R2=0.90)方程均能较好地描述FARs对Cd2+的等温吸附过程,其Cd2+的饱和吸附量达35.39 mg·g-1.初始溶液p H由3.0增加到8.0时,FARs对Cd2+的吸附量缓慢增加,当p H升为9.0时,其对Cd2+去除率可达97%.FARs对Cd2+的吸附量随溶液体系离子强度的增加而减小.随着柠檬酸浓度的升高,FARs对Cd2+的吸附量显著降低,而水杨酸和酒石酸则微弱促进了对Cd2+的吸附.解吸实验证明,在p H为3.0时Cd2+的解吸率最高,但仅为11%左右.分级提取结果进一步表明,被吸附的Cd2+主要以酸溶态和残渣态存在.综合实验结果表明,FARs可以作为一种高效的吸附剂用于水体除镉.     

Investigation on the eco-toxicity of lake sediments with the addition of drinking water treatment residuals

Drinking water treatment residuals(WTRs) have a potential to realize eutrophication control objectives by reducing the internal phosphorus(P) load of lake sediments. Information regarding the ecological risk of dewatered WTR reuse in aquatic environments is generally lacking, however. In this study, we analyzed the eco-toxicity of leachates from sediments with or without dewatered WTRs toward algae Chlorella vulgaris via algal growth inhibition testing with algal cell density, chlorophyll content, malondialdehyde content, antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase activity, and subcellular structure indices. The results suggested that leachates from sediments unanimously inhibited algal growth, with or without the addition of different WTR doses(10% or 50% of the sediment in dry weight) at different p H values(8–9), as well as from sediments treated for different durations(10 or 180 days). The inhibition was primarily the result of P deficiency in the leachates owing to WTR P adsorption, however, our results suggest that the dewatered WTRs were considered as a favorable potential material for internal P loading control in lake restoration projects, as it shows acceptably low risk toward aquatic plants.     

云南垂线的年际变化--天体测量和重力测定资料的比较研究

对1985—1997年期间云南重力网测定的云南垂线变化资料,与同期云南天文台光电等高仪所测定的时间纬度残差中的垂线变化进行了比较,结果表明,由这两种技术得到的云南垂线的年际变化符合得很好,年际变化的振幅约为0．002″,说明强烈地震前时纬残差异常是真实的,反映了垂线的异常变化,同时证实了用这两种技术测定垂线变化的可行性。     

Material cycle, waste disposal, and recycling in a Leontief–Sraffa–von Neumann economy

The purpose of this paper is to analyze problems concerning household waste disposal and material flow by means of a Leontief–Sraffa–von Neumann framework. We treat household residuals as if they were traded and valued in a daily market transaction. Thus, we can calculate the shadow price of waste, making a value system compatible with a quantity system. We show the theoretical existence of an equilibrium solution between a value system and a quantity system. This means that if there is a well-organized market for waste treatment, the flow of waste is smoothly regulated by a price adjustment mechanism. Household residuals are shown to be negatively valued if a certain constraint is satisfied. Thus, those residuals are bads instead of goods. Interestingly enough, household waste treatment in the market does not affect the price formation of normal commodities, since waste treatment services or recycling services are nonbasics in Sraffa's sense. Partly due to this character, the Hawkins–Simon condition is required only for normal production sectors, and not for recycling sectors. In the final section, we have dropped the assumption that household residuals are always treated as waste, since some residuals may be traded as normal commodities. Applying the Gale–Nikaido–Debreu lemma to a newly defined excess demand function, we have proved that our model can accommodate such a situation. By this analysis, we have shown that the goods/bads (waste) relationship is a relative matter, being dependent upon economic conditions. The changes in demand for, or supply of, residuals may turn some goods into bads, and vice versa. Received: October 5, 1999 / Accepted: October 18, 1999     

贫营养条件下生物除铁除锰滤池生态稳定性研究

采用将反冲洗排水回流至生物除铁除锰滤池的方式补给滤层细菌数量、回流可利用营养物质.试验从滤池整体除铁除锰效果、微生态特性及优势细菌数量分布3方面考察滤池的生态稳定性.结果表明,在高滤速(10～13.9 m/h)、高锰浓度(3.5～4.5 mg/L)条件下生物滤池对铁锰的去除率达98.9%以上,滤池具有较强的抗负荷冲击能力.铁、锰氧化细菌为滤层的优势菌群,数量达106数量级,它们既附着在滤料表面上(4.3×106个/mL)形成致密的生物膜,又存在于滤料间(6.5×106个/mL)形成以细菌为主体的悬浮絮体,此絮体对铁锰的彻底去除至关重要.经过近5年的连续运行,在不投加营养盐的前提下生物滤池实现了稳定运行,保持了高除铁除锰效率.     

Application of a novel backwashing process in upflow biological aerated filter

To improve the efficiency of backwashing in upflow biological aerated filter (BAF), a novel backwashing process named air-water siphon backwashing (AWSB) was proposed and applied on laboratory scale. The effects of backwashing on turbidity and suspended solid (SS) in backwashing efluent using this new backwashing process were compared with those of traditional backwashing process, namely air-water backwashing (AWB). In AWB, the turbidity of backwashing efluent maintained 100 NUT when consumed 60 min and 10....     

给水处理厂废弃铁铝泥对正磷酸盐的吸附特征

以给水处理厂废弃铁铝泥（ferric-alum residuals,FARs）为载体,探究了FARs对正磷酸盐的吸附特征.ICP、SEM和XRD测试结果表明,FARs富含铁铝元素且为无定形结构.批量平衡实验法证实,FARs对正磷酸盐的吸附较符合伪二级动力学模型.在酸性环境条件下,磷的吸附效果最好,当pH值从4.6升至7...     

给水厂浓缩污泥的稳态流变特征研究

针对给水厂浓缩污泥,采用旋转流变仪研究了其稳态流变特性,分别探讨了污泥的典型流变图、污泥浓度和温度对浓缩污泥极限粘度的影响.结果表明,污泥具有触变及剪切变稀的性质,其极限粘度(η∞)与污泥浓度(TSS)的关系符合指数关系,可用方程η∞=24.43-494.62e-0.14TSS描述.极限粘度与温度的关系服从于阿伦尼乌斯公式,相应的反应活化能为14.91J·mol-1.此外,宾汉模型可以描述污泥的流变性质,屈服应力随污泥浓度的升高而增加.